discourse/lib/middleware/request_tracker.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "method_profiler"
require "middleware/anonymous_cache"
require "http_user_agent_encoder"
require "discourse_lograge"

class Middleware::RequestTracker
  @@detailed_request_loggers = nil
  @@ip_skipper = nil
  @@bpv_notifications_enabled = !Rails.env.test?

  def self.bpv_notifications_enabled
    @@bpv_notifications_enabled
  end

  def self.bpv_notifications_enabled=(value)
    @@bpv_notifications_enabled = value
  end

  # You can add exceptions to our app rate limiter in the app.yml ENV section.
  # example:
  #
  # env:
  #   DISCOURSE_MAX_REQS_PER_IP_EXCEPTIONS: >-
  #     14.15.16.32/27
  #     216.148.1.2
  #
  STATIC_IP_SKIPPER =
    ENV["DISCOURSE_MAX_REQS_PER_IP_EXCEPTIONS"]&.split&.map { |ip| IPAddr.new(ip) }

  MAX_URL_LENGTH = 2000
  MAX_SESSION_ID_LENGTH = 32
  MAX_USER_AGENT_LENGTH = 1000
  MAX_IP_ADDRESS_LENGTH = 45
  REQUIRED_BROWSER_PAGEVIEW_EVENT_FIELDS = %i[url ip_address user_agent session_id]

  # register callbacks for detailed request loggers called on every request
  # example:
  #
  # Middleware::RequestTracker.detailed_request_logger(->|env, data| do
  #   # do stuff with env and data
  # end
  def self.register_detailed_request_logger(callback)
    MethodProfiler.ensure_discourse_instrumentation!
    (@@detailed_request_loggers ||= []) << callback
  end

  def self.unregister_detailed_request_logger(callback)
    @@detailed_request_loggers.delete(callback)
    @detailed_request_loggers = nil if @@detailed_request_loggers.length == 0
  end

  # used for testing
  def self.unregister_ip_skipper
    @@ip_skipper = nil
  end

  # Register a custom `ip_skipper`, a function that will skip rate limiting
  # for any IP that returns true.
  #
  # For example, if you never wanted to rate limit 1.2.3.4
  #
  # ```
  # Middleware::RequestTracker.register_ip_skipper do |ip|
  #  ip == "1.2.3.4"
  # end
  # ```
  def self.register_ip_skipper(&blk)
    raise "IP skipper is already registered!" if @@ip_skipper
    @@ip_skipper = blk
  end

  def self.ip_skipper
    @@ip_skipper
  end

  def self.reset_rate_limiters_stack
    @@stack =
      begin
        # Update the documentation for the `add_request_rate_limiter` plugin API if this list changes.
        default_rate_limiters = [
          RequestTracker::RateLimiters::User,
          RequestTracker::RateLimiters::IP,
        ]

        stack = RequestTracker::RateLimiters::Stack.new
        default_rate_limiters.each { |limiter| stack.append(limiter) }
        stack
      end
  end

  def self.rate_limiters_stack
    @@stack ||= reset_rate_limiters_stack
  end

  def initialize(app, settings = {})
    @app = app
  end

  def self.log_request(data)
    if data[:is_api]
      ApplicationRequest.increment!(:api)
    elsif data[:is_user_api]
      ApplicationRequest.increment!(:user_api)
    elsif data[:track_view]
      if data[:is_crawler]
        ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_crawler)
        WebCrawlerRequest.increment!(data[:user_agent])
      elsif data[:is_embed]
        # Embed pageviews are counted in the browser/beacon branches below so
        # community-traffic counters stay unpolluted by iframe traffic.
      elsif data[:has_auth_cookie]
        ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_logged_in)
        ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_logged_in_mobile) if data[:is_mobile]
      elsif !SiteSetting.login_required
        ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_anon)
        ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_anon_mobile) if data[:is_mobile]
      end
    end

    if tracks_browser_page_view?(data)
      if data[:is_beacon]
        if data[:is_embed]
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_embed)
        elsif data[:has_auth_cookie]
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_logged_in_browser_beacon)
          if data[:is_mobile]
            ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_logged_in_browser_mobile_beacon)
          end
        else
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_anon_browser_beacon)
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_anon_browser_mobile_beacon) if data[:is_mobile]
        end
        trigger_beacon_browser_pageview_event(data)
      else
        if data[:is_embed]
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_embed)
        elsif data[:has_auth_cookie]
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_logged_in_browser)
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_logged_in_browser_mobile) if data[:is_mobile]
        else
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_anon_browser)
          ApplicationRequest.increment!(:page_view_anon_browser_mobile) if data[:is_mobile]
        end
        trigger_browser_pageview_event(data)
      end

      if data[:topic_id].present? && (!data[:has_auth_cookie] || data[:current_user_id].present?) &&
           !data[:is_embed]
        TopicsController.defer_topic_view(
          data[:topic_id],
          data[:request_remote_ip],
          data[:current_user_id],
        )
      end
    end

    ApplicationRequest.increment!(:http_total)

    status = data[:status]
    if status >= 500
      ApplicationRequest.increment!(:http_5xx)
    elsif data[:is_background]
      ApplicationRequest.increment!(:http_background)
    elsif status >= 400
      ApplicationRequest.increment!(:http_4xx)
    elsif status >= 300
      ApplicationRequest.increment!(:http_3xx)
    elsif status >= 200
      ApplicationRequest.increment!(:http_2xx)
    end
  end

  def self.get_data(env, result, timing, request = nil)
    status, headers = result

    # result may be nil if the downstream app raised an exception
    status = status.to_i
    headers ||= {}

    request ||= Rack::Request.new(env)
    helper = Middleware::AnonymousCache::Helper.new(env, request)

    # Since ActionDispatch::RemoteIp middleware is run before this middleware,
    # we have access to the normalised remote IP based on ActionDispatch::RemoteIp::GetIp
    #
    # NOTE: Locally with MessageBus requests, the remote IP ends up as ::1 because
    # of the X-Forwarded-For header set...somewhere, whereas all other requests
    # end up as 127.0.0.1.
    request_remote_ip = env["action_dispatch.remote_ip"].to_s.slice(0, MAX_IP_ADDRESS_LENGTH)

    view_tracking_data = extract_view_tracking_data(env, status, headers)

    auth_cookie = Auth::DefaultCurrentUserProvider.find_v0_auth_cookie(request)
    auth_cookie ||= Auth::DefaultCurrentUserProvider.find_v1_auth_cookie(env)
    has_auth_cookie = auth_cookie.present?

    is_api ||= !!env[Auth::DefaultCurrentUserProvider::API_KEY_ENV]
    is_user_api ||= !!env[Auth::DefaultCurrentUserProvider::USER_API_KEY_ENV]

    is_message_bus = request.path.start_with?("#{Discourse.base_path}/message-bus/")
    is_topic_timings = request.path.start_with?("#{Discourse.base_path}/topics/timings")

    current_user_id = nil
    current_username = nil

    if view_tracking_data[:browser_page_view]
      begin
        if auth_cookie.is_a?(Hash)
          current_user_id = auth_cookie[:user_id]
          current_username = auth_cookie[:username]
        else
          user = CurrentUser.lookup_from_env(env)
          if user
            current_user_id = user.id
            current_username = user.username
          end
        end
      rescue Discourse::InvalidAccess => err
        # This error is raised when the API key is invalid, no need to stop the show.
        Discourse.warn_exception(
          err,
          message: "RequestTracker.get_data failed with an invalid API key error",
        )
      end
    end

    request_data = {
      status: status,
      is_crawler: helper.is_crawler?,
      has_auth_cookie: has_auth_cookie,
      current_user_id: current_user_id,
      current_username: current_username,
      is_api: is_api,
      is_user_api: is_user_api,
      is_background: is_message_bus || is_topic_timings,
      is_mobile: helper.is_mobile?,
      timing: timing,
      queue_seconds: env[Middleware::ProcessingRequest::REQUEST_QUEUE_SECONDS_ENV_KEY],
      request_remote_ip: request_remote_ip,
      occurred_at: Time.zone.now,
    }.merge(view_tracking_data)

    if request_data[:is_background]
      request_data[:background_type] = if is_message_bus
        if request.query_string.include?("dlp=t")
          "message-bus-dlp"
        elsif env["HTTP_DONT_CHUNK"]
          "message-bus-dontchunk"
        else
          "message-bus"
        end
      else
        "topic-timings"
      end
    end

    if request_data[:is_crawler]
      user_agent = env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"]
      user_agent = HttpUserAgentEncoder.ensure_utf8(user_agent) if user_agent
      request_data[:user_agent] = user_agent
    end

    if cache = headers["X-Discourse-Cached"]
      request_data[:cache] = cache
    end

    request_data
  end

  def log_request_info(env, result, info, request = nil)
    # We've got to skip this on error ... its just logging
    data =
      begin
        self.class.get_data(env, result, info, request)
      rescue StandardError => err
        Discourse.warn_exception(err, message: "RequestTracker.get_data failed")

        # This is super hard to find if in testing, we should still raise in this case.
        raise err if Rails.env.test?

        nil
      end

    if data
      if result && (headers = result[1])
        headers["X-Discourse-TrackView"] = "1" if data[:track_view]
        headers["X-Discourse-BrowserPageView"] = "1" if data[:browser_page_view]
      end

      if @@detailed_request_loggers
        @@detailed_request_loggers.each { |logger| logger.call(env, data) }
      end

      log_later(data, env, request)
    end
  end

  def call(env)
    result = nil
    info = nil
    gc_stat_timing = nil

    # Doing this before the app.call will allow us to have this data available
    # in the MessageBus middleware to add headers in the 004-message_bus.rb initializer.
    if !env["discourse.request_tracker.skip"]
      env["discourse.view_tracking_data"] = self.class.extract_view_tracking_data(env, nil, nil)
    end

    request = Rack::Request.new(env)
    cookie = find_auth_cookie(env)

    if error_details = rate_limit(request, cookie)
      available_in, error_code = error_details

      message = <<~TEXT
        Slow down, you're making too many requests.
        Please retry again in #{available_in} seconds.
        Error code: #{error_code}.
      TEXT

      headers = {
        "Content-Type" => "text/plain",
        "Retry-After" => available_in.to_s,
        "Discourse-Rate-Limit-Error-Code" => error_code,
      }

      if username = cookie&.[](:username)
        headers["X-Discourse-Username"] = username
      end

      return 429, headers, [message]
    end

    if !cookie
      if error_details = check_crawler_limits(env)
        available_in, error_code = error_details
        message = "Too many crawling requests. Error code: #{error_code}."

        headers = {
          "Content-Type" => "text/plain",
          "Retry-After" => available_in.to_s,
          "Discourse-Rate-Limit-Error-Code" => error_code,
        }

        return 429, headers, [message]
      end
    end

    env["discourse.request_tracker"] = self

    if self.class.is_beacon_tracking_request?(request)
      if self.class.same_origin_beacon_request?(request)
        result = [204, {}, []]
      else
        env["discourse.request_tracker.skip"] = true
        result = [403, {}, []]
      end
      return result
    end

    if self.class.is_pageview_tracking_request?(request)
      result = [204, {}, []]
      return result
    end

    MethodProfiler.start

    if SiteSetting.instrument_gc_stat_per_request
      gc_stat_timing = GCStatInstrumenter.instrument { result = @app.call(env) }
    else
      result = @app.call(env)
    end

    info = MethodProfiler.stop

    # possibly transferred?
    if info && (headers = result[1])
      headers["X-Runtime"] = "%0.6f" % info[:total_duration]

      if GlobalSetting.enable_performance_http_headers
        if redis = info[:redis]
          headers["X-Redis-Calls"] = redis[:calls].to_s
          headers["X-Redis-Time"] = "%0.6f" % redis[:duration]
        end

        if sql = info[:sql]
          headers["X-Sql-Calls"] = sql[:calls].to_s
          headers["X-Sql-Time"] = "%0.6f" % sql[:duration]
        end

        if queue = env[Middleware::ProcessingRequest::REQUEST_QUEUE_SECONDS_ENV_KEY]
          headers["X-Queue-Time"] = "%0.6f" % queue
        end
      end
    end

    if env[Auth::DefaultCurrentUserProvider::BAD_TOKEN] && (headers = result[1])
      headers["Discourse-Logged-Out"] = "1"
    end

    result
  ensure
    if (limiters = env["DISCOURSE_RATE_LIMITERS"]) && env["DISCOURSE_IS_ASSET_PATH"]
      limiters.each(&:rollback!)

      env["DISCOURSE_ASSET_RATE_LIMITERS"].each do |limiter|
        limiter.performed!
      rescue RateLimiter::LimitExceeded
        # skip
      end
    end

    if !env["discourse.request_tracker.skip"]
      info.merge!(gc_stat_timing) if gc_stat_timing
      log_request_info(env, result, info, request)
    end
  end

  def log_later(data, env, request)
    Scheduler::Defer.later("Track view") do
      unless Discourse.pg_readonly_mode?
        self.class.log_request(data)
        instrument_browser_page_view(env, request, data)
      end
    rescue ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError
      # Just noop if ActiveRecord is preventing writes
    end
  end

  def find_auth_cookie(env)
    min_allowed_timestamp = Time.now.to_i - (UserAuthToken::ROTATE_TIME_MINS + 1) * 60
    cookie = Auth::DefaultCurrentUserProvider.find_v1_auth_cookie(env)
    cookie if cookie && cookie[:issued_at] >= min_allowed_timestamp
  end

  def is_private_ip?(ip)
    ip = IPAddr.new(ip)
    !!(ip && (ip.private? || ip.loopback?))
  rescue IPAddr::AddressFamilyError, IPAddr::InvalidAddressError
    false
  end

  def rate_limit(request, cookie)
    warn =
      GlobalSetting.max_reqs_per_ip_mode == "warn" ||
        GlobalSetting.max_reqs_per_ip_mode == "warn+block"

    block =
      GlobalSetting.max_reqs_per_ip_mode == "block" ||
        GlobalSetting.max_reqs_per_ip_mode == "warn+block"

    return if !block && !warn

    ip = request.ip

    if !GlobalSetting.max_reqs_rate_limit_on_private
      return if is_private_ip?(ip)
    end

    return if @@ip_skipper&.call(ip)
    return if STATIC_IP_SKIPPER&.any? { |entry| entry.include?(ip) }

    rate_limiter = self.class.rate_limiters_stack.active_rate_limiter(request, cookie)
    return nil if rate_limiter.nil?
    rate_limit_key = rate_limiter.rate_limit_key
    error_code_identifier = rate_limiter.error_code_identifier
    global = rate_limiter.rate_limit_globally?

    limiter10 =
      RateLimiter.new(
        nil,
        "global_limit_10_#{rate_limit_key}",
        GlobalSetting.max_reqs_per_ip_per_10_seconds,
        10.seconds,
        global:,
        aggressive: true,
        error_code: "#{error_code_identifier}_10_secs_limit",
      )

    limiter60 =
      RateLimiter.new(
        nil,
        "global_limit_60_#{rate_limit_key}",
        GlobalSetting.max_reqs_per_ip_per_minute,
        1.minute,
        global:,
        error_code: "#{error_code_identifier}_60_secs_limit",
        aggressive: true,
      )

    limiter_assets10 =
      RateLimiter.new(
        nil,
        "global_limit_10_assets_#{rate_limit_key}",
        GlobalSetting.max_asset_reqs_per_ip_per_10_seconds,
        10.seconds,
        error_code: "#{error_code_identifier}_assets_10_secs_limit",
        global:,
      )

    request.env["DISCOURSE_RATE_LIMITERS"] = [limiter10, limiter60]
    request.env["DISCOURSE_ASSET_RATE_LIMITERS"] = [limiter_assets10]

    if !limiter_assets10.can_perform?
      if warn
        Discourse.warn(
          "Global asset rate limit exceeded for #{rate_limiter.class.name}: #{rate_limit_key}: 10 second rate limit",
          uri: request.env["REQUEST_URI"],
        )
      end

      return limiter_assets10.seconds_to_wait(Time.now.to_i), limiter_assets10.error_code if block
    end

    begin
      type = 10
      limiter10.performed!

      type = 60
      limiter60.performed!

      nil
    rescue RateLimiter::LimitExceeded => e
      if warn
        Discourse.warn(
          "Global rate limit exceeded for #{rate_limiter.class.name}: #{rate_limit_key}: #{type} second rate limit",
          uri: request.env["REQUEST_URI"],
        )
      end

      if block
        [e.available_in, e.error_code]
      else
        nil
      end
    end
  end

  def check_crawler_limits(env)
    slow_down_agents = SiteSetting.slow_down_crawler_user_agents
    return if slow_down_agents.blank?

    user_agent = HttpUserAgentEncoder.ensure_utf8(env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"])&.downcase
    return if user_agent.blank?

    return if !CrawlerDetection.crawler?(user_agent)

    slow_down_agents
      .downcase
      .split("|")
      .each do |crawler|
        if user_agent.include?(crawler)
          key = "#{crawler}_crawler_rate_limit"
          limiter =
            RateLimiter.new(nil, key, 1, SiteSetting.slow_down_crawler_rate, error_code: key)
          limiter.performed!
          break
        end
      end
    nil
  rescue RateLimiter::LimitExceeded => e
    [e.available_in, e.error_code]
  end

  def self.extract_view_tracking_data(env, status, headers)
    request = Rack::Request.new(env)
    status ||= 200
    headers ||= {}

    return extract_beacon_view_tracking_data(env) if is_beacon_tracking_request?(request)

    is_html_request = headers["Content-Type"]&.include?("text/html")
    is_ajax_request = request.xhr?

    # This Discourse-Track-View request header is set in `lib/ajax.js`,
    # whenever the user navigates between Ember routes, to indicate a
    # browser page view.
    env_track_view = env["HTTP_DISCOURSE_TRACK_VIEW"]
    explicit_track_view = status == 200 && %w[1 true].include?(env_track_view)

    # An HTML response to a GET request is tracked implicitly, these do
    # not count as browser page views but they do count as legacy page views.
    implicit_track_view =
      status == 200 && !%w[0 false].include?(env_track_view) && request.get? && !is_ajax_request &&
        is_html_request

    # This Discourse-Deferred-Track-View header is piggybacked on a
    # follow-up MessageBus request after a real browser loads up a page
    # to avoid bots influencing browser page views when loading HTML
    # versions of a page.
    #
    # See `scripts/pageview.js` and `instance-initializers/page-tracking.js`
    env_deferred_track_view = env["HTTP_DISCOURSE_TRACK_VIEW_DEFERRED"]
    deferred_track_view = %w[1 true].include?(env_deferred_track_view)

    # This only indicates that we are tracking a page view of some kind, not
    # using an API key. In #log_request is where we are determining which
    # of these count as browser page views.
    #
    # TL;DR -- Explicit and Deferred page views count as browser page views (BPVs),
    # explicit and implicit page views count as legacy page views.
    #
    # If this is true, then the X-Discourse-TrackView header is included in
    # the response.
    #
    # If the page view is explicit or deferred, then the X-Discourse-BrowserPageView header
    # is included in the response.
    track_view = !!(explicit_track_view || implicit_track_view)
    browser_page_view = !!(explicit_track_view || deferred_track_view)

    topic_id = env["HTTP_DISCOURSE_TRACK_VIEW_TOPIC_ID"]&.to_i
    tracking_url = env["HTTP_DISCOURSE_TRACK_VIEW_URL"]&.slice(0, MAX_URL_LENGTH)
    tracking_referrer = env["HTTP_DISCOURSE_TRACK_VIEW_REFERRER"]&.slice(0, MAX_URL_LENGTH)
    tracking_session_id =
      env["HTTP_DISCOURSE_TRACK_VIEW_SESSION_ID"]&.slice(0, MAX_SESSION_ID_LENGTH)
    user_agent = env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"]&.slice(0, MAX_USER_AGENT_LENGTH)

    # An embedded pageview is either an initial HTML load carrying `?embed_mode=true`,
    # or a subsequent XHR from inside the embed iframe which sets the header below.
    # Use `request.GET` (query-string only) rather than `request.params` so a missing
    # or malformed request body cannot raise from here.
    embed_mode_param =
      begin
        request.GET["embed_mode"]
      rescue Rack::QueryParser::ParameterTypeError, Rack::QueryParser::InvalidParameterError
        # malformed query string — Rails will turn this into a 400 downstream
        nil
      end

    is_embed =
      embed_mode_param == "true" || %w[1 true].include?(env["HTTP_DISCOURSE_TRACK_VIEW_EMBED"])

    {
      track_view: track_view,
      explicit_track_view: explicit_track_view,
      deferred_track_view: deferred_track_view,
      implicit_track_view: implicit_track_view,
      browser_page_view: browser_page_view,
      is_embed: is_embed,
      topic_id: topic_id,
      tracking_url: tracking_url,
      tracking_referrer: tracking_referrer,
      tracking_session_id: tracking_session_id,
      user_agent: user_agent,
    }
  end

  def self.tracks_browser_page_view?(data)
    return false unless data[:browser_page_view]
    return false if data[:is_crawler]
    return true if data[:has_auth_cookie]
    return false if SiteSetting.login_required
    return false if data[:is_beacon] && CrawlerDetection.crawler_ip?(data[:request_remote_ip])
    true
  end

  def self.is_beacon_tracking_request?(request)
    SiteSetting.use_beacon_for_browser_page_views && request.post? &&
      request.path == Discourse.beacon_pv_tracking_path
  end

  def self.same_origin_beacon_request?(request)
    origin = request.get_header("HTTP_ORIGIN").presence || request.referer.presence
    return false if origin.blank?

    canonical_uri = URI.parse(Discourse.base_url_no_prefix)
    origin_uri = URI.parse(origin)

    canonical_uri.scheme == origin_uri.scheme && canonical_uri.host == origin_uri.host &&
      canonical_uri.port == origin_uri.port
  rescue URI::Error
    false
  end

  def self.is_pageview_tracking_request?(request)
    request.post? && request.path == "#{Discourse.base_path}/pageview"
  end

  def self.extract_beacon_view_tracking_data(env)
    body = env["rack.input"]&.read
    env["rack.input"]&.rewind
    data =
      begin
        JSON.parse(body)
      rescue JSON::ParserError
        {}
      end

    topic_id = data["topic_id"]&.to_i
    tracking_url = data["url"]&.slice(0, MAX_URL_LENGTH)
    tracking_referrer = data["referrer"]&.slice(0, MAX_URL_LENGTH)
    tracking_session_id = data["session_id"]&.slice(0, MAX_SESSION_ID_LENGTH)
    user_agent = env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"]&.slice(0, MAX_USER_AGENT_LENGTH)
    is_embed = data["embed"] == true

    {
      track_view: false,
      explicit_track_view: false,
      deferred_track_view: true,
      implicit_track_view: false,
      browser_page_view: true,
      is_beacon: true,
      is_embed: is_embed,
      topic_id: topic_id,
      tracking_url: tracking_url,
      tracking_referrer: tracking_referrer,
      tracking_session_id: tracking_session_id,
      user_agent: user_agent,
    }
  end
  private_class_method :extract_beacon_view_tracking_data

  def self.trigger_browser_pageview_event(data)
    if SiteSetting.persist_browser_pageview_events
      persist_browser_pageview_event(build_browser_pageview_event_payload(data))
    elsif SiteSetting.trigger_browser_pageview_events
      DiscourseEvent.trigger(:browser_pageview, build_browser_pageview_event_payload(data))
    end
  end
  private_class_method :trigger_browser_pageview_event

  def self.persist_browser_pageview_event(payload)
    if REQUIRED_BROWSER_PAGEVIEW_EVENT_FIELDS.any? { |key| payload[key].blank? }
      Rails.logger.debug("Discarding BrowserPageviewEvent: incomplete payload")
      return
    end

    Scheduler::Defer.later "Create BrowserPageviewEvent" do
      BrowserPageviewEvent.create!(
        url: payload[:url],
        ip_address: payload[:ip_address],
        country_code: payload[:country_code],
        asn: payload[:asn],
        referrer: payload[:referrer],
        normalized_referrer: BrowserPageviewReferrerInspector.normalize(payload[:referrer]),
        normalized_referrer_version: BrowserPageviewReferrerInspector::VERSION,
        user_agent: payload[:user_agent],
        session_id: payload[:session_id],
        user_id: payload[:user_id],
        topic_id: payload[:topic_id],
        created_at: payload[:occurred_at],
      )
    rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
      if e.cause.is_a?(PG::ReadOnlySqlTransaction)
        # Skip recording browser pageviews when PostgreSQL is in read-only transaction mode.
      elsif e.cause.is_a?(PG::NotNullViolation) && e.cause.message.include?("ip_address")
        Rails.logger.debug("Discarding BrowserPageviewEvent: invalid IP #{payload[:ip_address]}")
      else
        raise
      end
    rescue => e
      Rails.logger.error(
        "Failed to create BrowserPageviewEvent with payload #{payload}: #{e.message}",
      )
    end
  end
  private_class_method :persist_browser_pageview_event

  def self.trigger_beacon_browser_pageview_event(data)
    if SiteSetting.trigger_browser_pageview_events
      DiscourseEvent.trigger(:beacon_browser_pageview, build_browser_pageview_event_payload(data))
    end
  end
  private_class_method :trigger_beacon_browser_pageview_event

  def self.build_browser_pageview_event_payload(data)
    ip_info = DiscourseIpInfo.get(data[:request_remote_ip])
    {
      user_id: data[:current_user_id],
      url: data[:tracking_url],
      ip_address: data[:request_remote_ip],
      country_code: ip_info[:country_code],
      asn: ip_info[:asn],
      user_agent: data[:user_agent],
      referrer: data[:tracking_referrer],
      session_id: data[:tracking_session_id],
      topic_id: data[:topic_id],
      occurred_at: data[:occurred_at],
    }
  end
  private_class_method :build_browser_pageview_event_payload

  private

  def instrument_browser_page_view(env, request, data)
    return unless data[:browser_page_view]
    return unless DiscourseLograge.enabled?
    return unless self.class.bpv_notifications_enabled

    request ||= Rack::Request.new(env)

    if data[:is_beacon]
      action = "beacon"
      path = request.fullpath
    else
      action = "piggyback"
      path = "#{Discourse.base_path}/pageview"
    end

    payload = {
      controller: "PageviewController",
      action: action,
      method: "POST",
      path: path,
      format: :json,
      status: 204,
      params: {
      },
      headers: ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).headers,
      custom_payload:
        DiscourseLograge.custom_payload(
          ip: data[:request_remote_ip],
          username: data[:current_username],
          tracked: self.class.tracks_browser_page_view?(data),
          url: data[:tracking_url],
          referrer: data[:tracking_referrer],
          session_id: data[:tracking_session_id],
          topic_id: data[:topic_id],
        ),
    }

    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("process_action.action_controller", payload)
  end
end